Question 1

Once children have a sense of autonomy, they become __________ than they were as toddlers.

Accepted Answer

A)   less active
B)   less contrary
C)   more willful
D)   more filled with self-doubtE) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 2

During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   emerge slowly, as parents treat boys and girls in similar ways
B)   strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated
C)   are highly flexible with respect to clothing and hairstyle but less so with respect to types of play
D)   are flexible until about age 5, after which they become more rigidE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 3

Which statement about the effects of harsh punishment is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Harshly treated children are rarely aggressive toward other children.
B)   Adults whose parents used corporal punishment tend to reject such discipline.
C)   An adult who repeatedly uses harsh punishment is likely to punish more often over time.
D)   Harsh punishment causes children to be overly sensitive and empathetic.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 4

Four children in LaShonda's preschool class act out a make-believe theme in the preschool's dramatic play interest area. They are engaging in __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   nonsocial activity
B)   parallel play
C)   associative play
D)   cooperative playE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 5

Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   adjusting their expectations to children's capacities
B)   using praise liberally
C)   always giving them positive feedback, regardless of performance
D)   only presenting them with easy tasksE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 6

Which statement about the authoritative child-rearing style is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Authoritative parents exert control, yell, command, criticize, and threaten their children.
B)   Many authoritative parents simply lack confidence in their ability to influence their child's behavior.
C)   Authoritative parents use psychological control, withdrawing love and intruding on the child's individuality.
D)   Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

When Yelena is asked to judge the baking contest, she evaluates the other girls more positively than the boys. This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   same-sex typing
B)   in-group favoritism
C)   gender selection
D)   gender identityE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 8

By __________, children can view themselves as persisting over time and anticipate their own future states and needs.

Accepted Answer

A)   the end of the first year
B)   age 2
C)   age 3
D)   the end of the preschool yearsE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 9

Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not excessive or accompanied by shame, it is related to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   inflated self-esteem
B)   an insecure attachment
C)   poor emotional self-regulation
D)   good adjustmentE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 10

Verbally and relationally aggressive acts are particularly frequent in __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   children's television programming
B)   police and hospital TV shows
C)   reality TV shows
D)   cartoonsE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 11

The cognitive-developmental perspective __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   focuses on how children acquire ready-made standards of good conduct from adults
B)   views children as blank slates, eager to "write" information about social rules
C)   regards children as active thinkers about social rules
D)   holds that children are prewired with standards of good conductE) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Which statement about permissive parents is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   They are emotionally detached and depressed, with little time and energy for children.
B)   They exercise firm, reasonable control over their children.
C)   They insist on mature behavior and give reasons for their expectations.
D)   They allow children to make their own decisions when they are not yet capable of doing so.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 13

Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider __________ as more wrong than __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   burping at the table; cheating at a game
B)   eating ice cream with his fingers; stealing an apple
C)   failing to say "please"; lying
D)   stealing an eraser; licking his plateE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   trust versus mistrust
B)   autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)   industry versus inferiority
D)   initiative versus guiltE) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 15

Because child maltreatment is embedded in families, communities, and society as a whole, __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   efforts to prevent it must be directed at each of these levels
B)   it is almost impossible to prevent
C)   prevention efforts are not cost-effective
D)   providing social supports to families is ineffectiveE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 16

Which statement about peer sociability is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Later-appearing forms of play replace earlier ones in the developmental sequence.
B)   Once a child begins to play cooperatively, she no longer engages in parallel play.
C)   Nonsocial activity is almost nonexistent among kindergarteners.
D)   It is the type, not the amount, of solitary and parallel play that changes in early childhood.E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 17

Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   cooperation
B)   nurturance
C)   competition
D)   physical attractivenessE) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 18

Initially, the most common type of aggression is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   reactive
B)   proactive
C)   hostile
D)   activeE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 19

Preschoolers distinguish __________, which protect people's rights and welfare, from __________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

Accepted Answer

A)   social conventions; moral imperatives
B)   matters of personal choice; social conventions
C)   moral imperatives; matters of personal choice
D)   moral imperatives; social conventionsE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 20

By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   are more likely to be gender schematic
B)   are less likely to have an androgynous gender identity
C)   show more in-group favoritism
D)   are more likely to notice instances of gender discriminationE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Exam 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood

By __________, children can view themselves as persisting over time and anticipate their own future states and needs.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Verbally and relationally aggressive acts are particularly frequent in __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Initially, the most common type of aggression is __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Preschoolers distinguish __________, which protect people's rights and welfare, from __________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Once children have a sense of autonomy, they become __________ than they were as toddlers.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not excessive or accompanied by shame, it is related to __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider __________ as more wrong than __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Four children in LaShonda's preschool class act out a make-believe theme in the preschool's dramatic play interest area. They are engaging in __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement about permissive parents is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The cognitive-developmental perspective __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Because child maltreatment is embedded in families, communities, and society as a whole, __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement about the effects of harsh punishment is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When Yelena is asked to judge the baking contest, she evaluates the other girls more positively than the boys. This is an example of __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement about the authoritative child-rearing style is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement about peer sociability is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Preschoolers distinguish , which protect people's rights and welfare, from , which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

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Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider as more wrong than .

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